{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "01d26f8d", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# UE5 Fundamentals of Algorithms\n", "## Exercices\n", "### Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Bachelor of Science in Data Science for Responsible Business\n", "#### [Romain Vuillemot](https://romain.vuillemot.net/)\n", "\n", "Before you turn this problem in:\n", "- make sure everything runs as expected. \n", " - first, **restart the kernel** (in the menubar, select Kernel$\\rightarrow$Restart) \n", " - then **run all cells** (in the menubar, select Cell$\\rightarrow$Run All).\n", "- make sure you fill in any place that says `YOUR CODE HERE` or \"YOUR ANSWER HERE\"\n", "- remove `raise NotImplementedError()` to get started with your answer\n", "- bonus points (at the end of this notebook) are optionals\n", "- write your name (and collaborators as a list if any) below:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "a6f5bcf0", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "ID = \"\"\n", "COLLABORATORS_ID = []" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "51dc6634", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "---" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "a4e4fad3", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "# Recursion" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "a8adef9b", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" } }, "source": [ "---" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "0dfe1da3-b50b-49c0-aaff-483616e13863", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "list_complexities = [\"O(1)\", \"O(log(n))\", \"O(n)\", \"O(n^2)\", \"O(nlog(n))\", \"O(n^3)\", \"O(2^n)\", \"O(n!)\", \"O(n^n)\"]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "568202fd", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Exercise 0: Find the maximum value in a list (iterative)\n", "\n", "Write a function `find_maximum_iterative` that takes a list of numbers as input and returns the maximum value in the list. For this question, you are not allowed to use built-in functions like `max()`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "431fe8c1-91d1-40f3-a7a4-f4a3770a4a01", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "8b23d599da9ca2bdba48b9bcdd6e1165", "grade": false, "grade_id": "find_maximum_iterative", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def find_maximum_iterative(L):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "f6baae3c-3660-4add-ab4b-48016cba3030", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "find_maximum_iterative([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "e68b3e9a-418f-4950-9f27-18bb0fe90794", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "9cb3441fa27dd28ce74e368375de8080", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_find_maximum_iterative", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert find_maximum_iterative([1, 3, 5, 7, 9]) == 9\n", "assert find_maximum_iterative([-1, -5, -3]) == -1\n", "assert find_maximum_iterative([42]) == 42\n", "assert find_maximum_iterative([4, 8, 8, 2, 7]) == 8\n", "assert find_maximum_iterative([-10, -5, -8, -2, -7]) == -2" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "612dc873-419b-42c5-be36-0accd03ffa79", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Exercise 1: Find the maximum value in a list (recursive)\n", "\n", "Write a recursive version of the previous function; you may use the `max()` function for the recursive call." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "07668fd8", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "fcd4348ffdf05fa800f15e7dba033d8e", "grade": false, "grade_id": "find_maximum_recursive", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def find_maximum_recursive(L):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "f9784710-4b2b-434c-bc47-da46fa410749", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "find_maximum_recursive([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "9b0161f8-0539-4e5e-921c-1886e61c0783", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "1aae7ba6a868f7afd015deedcdf48aa4", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_find_maximum_recursive", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert find_maximum_iterative([-10, -5, -8, -2, -7]) == find_maximum_recursive([-10, -5, -8, -2, -7])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "005efd41-baa1-4505-b80e-3644d61ea094", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Exercise 2: Sum of digits" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "de424156-0b9b-41d0-8e38-ce335f35cec0", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "3872f4f922847e273bc5a45cd425c458", "grade": false, "grade_id": "sum_of_digits", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def sum_of_digits(n):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "cec0caca-cb2c-4e4d-b004-27b3cf2ff611", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "sum_of_digits(10)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "bf276ca2-48ed-4e87-80f2-776f54b7062b", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "feb0a5b734f6734920bfec23da86992b", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_sum_of_digits", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert sum_of_digits(10) == sum_of_digits(100000)\n", "assert sum_of_digits(0) == 0\n", "assert sum_of_digits(123) == 6" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "e2de630a-f9bd-4d45-959b-430e34cc9044", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "source": [ "### Exercise 3: Calculate the power" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "abca03a0-7bcd-4ee6-b109-ff2f2da52bb6", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "c8c385784b4dd53e96c693511e7a2e80", "grade": false, "grade_id": "power", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def power(base, exponent):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "abddd3b1-f75f-4cb6-a09e-54eed489c5b0", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "power(2, 10)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "8a6605fe-4f6f-45de-84a3-7601e2e2e6f6", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "1deb1e7cdc63de1900c5375bf6debf2a", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_power", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert power(2, 10) == 1024\n", "assert power(2, 0) == 1\n", "assert power(5, 3) == 125" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "715100d3-fc21-49b9-a66d-b5243b4a279d", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "source": [ "### Exercise 4: Reverse a string" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "ddc9826a-0863-4777-a08d-81b66652b5a5", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "762d91a747e5399677a26e44c5d8a041", "grade": false, "grade_id": "reverse_string", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def reverse_string(s):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "13acad7e-d03c-4ea6-ad86-baf02e0910eb", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "reverse_string(\"Romain\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "453c8e04-6cd9-4581-a206-dd479b6115cd", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "d42cbfb82df47fb4eb82e1530fa8f3cb", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_reverse_string", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert reverse_string(\"\") == \"\"\n", "assert reverse_string(\"AA\") == \"AA\"\n", "assert reverse_string(\"ABC\") == \"CBA\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "159b6d78-03ae-4cf8-8545-e822b7160b32", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def iterative_reverse_string(s):\n", " reversed_str = \"\"\n", " for char in s:\n", " reversed_str = char + reversed_str\n", " return reversed_str" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "43e10b0c", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "5ab8f3c9-ddee-45ab-a013-fdd67d9853e0", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Example 5: convert an interative suite into a recursive tail function" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "219add7f", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def sequence(n):\n", " u = 1\n", " while n > 0:\n", " u = 2 * u + 1\n", " n -= 1\n", " return u" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "0787df24-8234-4286-b910-5f9e456dd279", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "print(\"The result is {}\".format(sequence(3)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "9c17cf1b-6d05-4589-af2b-c05cfcc33202", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "2137e4ccdef7bccaa7b7ed6b52f305a8", "grade": false, "grade_id": "sequence_recursive_tail", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def sequence_recursive_tail(n):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "43507c43-de61-414d-b389-c0a771ad9e0c", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "print(\"The result is still {}\".format(sequence_recursive_tail(3)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "dd923b7c-0cab-4678-8dc3-aad2ab9b25f9", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "c465dc72b44f305c781da5cf50e4c934", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_sequence_recursive_non_tail", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert sequence_recursive_tail(3) == 15" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "3c28b36a", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Example 6: check if a word is an annagram\n", "\n", "Check if a word can be read backwards." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "51bb3d08", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "1edb53556b907062a6d2f29282317e03", "grade": false, "grade_id": "annagram_rec", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def annagram_rec(word):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "0c279628-9b96-4687-8e20-a954ab646e0f", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "annagram_rec(\"laval\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "cf6fa61a-7c6f-4a32-96c2-b9fd50deacc6", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "22a5df98d007ceb58975b5877958e3f8", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_annagram_rec", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert annagram_rec(\"\")\n", "assert annagram_rec(\"AA\")\n", "assert not annagram_rec(\"ABC\")\n", "assert annagram_rec(\"ABA\")\n", "assert annagram_rec(\"LAVAL\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "798c2875-7940-488a-8458-ad08f6a71c70", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Example 7: Calculate GCD\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "48c65c83-be0c-41c4-8c04-1d29ac4415cb", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def iterative_gcd(a, b):\n", " while b:\n", " a, b = b, a % b\n", " return a" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "bf6e1a76", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "45353cb0fdd92b57e6f6f1739ed430b3", "grade": false, "grade_id": "recursive_gcd", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def recursive_gcd(a, b):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "4f1feace", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "recursive_gcd(10, 2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "e6ff1765-ff4b-49a5-80d3-684d2627e961", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "ed3ae90c2a4be5ff93a5d68b688f0f96", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_recursive_gcd", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert iterative_gcd(10, 2) == recursive_gcd(10, 2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "d8b05edf-9536-4fc1-bfcc-ddbbeee426fc", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Example 8: Check if a list is sorted" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "1661dfb5-88f2-411f-8fe2-63bbaa29ce72", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "9fcedc9d6262baf07013d0b6f4e8175d", "grade": false, "grade_id": "calculate_average_recursive", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def is_sorted(lst):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "0c5c72c6-3237-4f98-ab96-50a1838b833f", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "is_sorted([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "9f18b6b7-d980-4a72-a2a8-3aa201003d21", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "9cdabb05d7be086c1b769672a158fdc6", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_calculate_average_recursive", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert is_sorted([2, 3])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "79eef392-1d3d-46c0-aeee-ac805686e6f1", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Example 9: Check for prime number" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "ac374a08-11c9-47e6-ba11-419549911266", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "58fec5e697f40d4e1934bdce3ae87647", "grade": false, "grade_id": "is_prime_recursive", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def is_prime_recursive(n, divisor=2):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "996fc91f", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "is_prime_recursive(3)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "5be1051c-3b60-4810-b855-6f8575ad6380", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "f571ff3e3a5bc53ffbc828b255bfb6cb", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_is_prime_recursive", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert is_prime_recursive(3) " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "5423682d-c31f-4a8d-9a0f-6812de7b1ae3", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Example 10: Count occurrences of a given element in a list" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "cfeb0ad0-ed82-499e-9af3-64923291a0e7", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "01c4970fffe483944b93049b5d8404a0", "grade": false, "grade_id": "count_occurrences", "locked": false, "schema_version": 3, "solution": true, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def count_occurrences(arr, target, index=0):\n", " # YOUR CODE HERE\n", " raise NotImplementedError()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "49daec07-00b3-412e-ad44-5bafadbd9f36", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "count_occurrences([1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 5, 6, 2], 2)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "14a2eb85-1126-4506-93bb-4bf624d046b6", "metadata": { "deletable": false, "editable": false, "nbgrader": { "cell_type": "code", "checksum": "5df4afd6ed2f7dfd102b8c21f8ced2e7", "grade": true, "grade_id": "correct_count_occurrences", "locked": true, "points": 1, "schema_version": 3, "solution": false, "task": false }, "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert count_occurrences([1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 5, 6, 2], 2) == 4" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "bb1784f5-2426-4661-aa13-dba96743ceb5", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Bonus points" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "7fdcd705-dc0b-4614-8e27-9ba62f8fe442", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Exercise: Find the maximum value in a list (iterative)\n", "\n", "Check that an empty lists raises a `ValueError` exception with a `\"The list is empty.\"` message." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "f9334f32-f760-46c0-a649-c82f267aba5b", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "try:\n", " result = find_maximum_iterative([])\n", " assert False, \"Exception not raised\"\n", "except ValueError as e:\n", " assert str(e) == \"The list is empty.\", f\"Expected error message: 'The list is empty.' but got '{str(e)}'\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "c121315a-4aaa-4e04-912f-73f56555be56", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Exercise: Find the maximum value in a list (recursive)\n", "\n", "Witout using the built-in `max` function" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "153e3f05-7598-4920-bc8d-8943cb75e5a8", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# checks if a function uses another function, eg \"max\"\n", "import inspect\n", "\n", "def calls_builtin_max(func):\n", " source_code = inspect.getsource(func)\n", " return 'max(' in source_code\n", "\n", "def my_function(lst):\n", " return max(lst)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "775b7e32-a5ae-431b-9987-fcd3671fd022", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def find_maximum_recursive_no_max_func(L): \n", " if not L:\n", " raise ValueError(\"The list is empty.\")\n", " \n", " if len(L) == 1:\n", " return L[0]\n", " \n", " rest_max = find_maximum_recursive(L[1:])\n", " return L[0] if L[0] > rest_max else rest_max" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "f76ed657-3288-4b36-9175-21168d2eb761", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert not calls_builtin_max(find_maximum_recursive_no_max_func)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "bbe7023a-aabd-489d-bae6-3b71566e22ef", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Additional tests (do not change)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "1c73ad0e-ddc9-483d-85a1-f2a65d04f30b", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "assert calls_builtin_max(my_function)\n", "assert not calls_builtin_max(find_maximum_iterative)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "8ce960f5-08da-449e-9e6f-dae215bc1b6a", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# generates more examples for a given function\n", "def gen_examples(fnct, n=10):\n", " return [fnct(i) for i in range(0, n)]" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.10.9" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 5 }